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Forex dari pandangan islam

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forex dari pandangan islam

Sebagian umat Islam ada yang meragukan kehalalan praktik perdagangan berjangka. Bagaimana menurut padangan para pakar Islam? Apa pendapat para ulama mengenai trading forex, trading saham, trading index, saham, dan komoditi? Apakah Hukum Forex Trading Valas Halal Menurut Hukum Islam? Mari kita ikuti selengkapnya. Oleh sementara fuqaha ahli fiqih Islamhadits tersebut ditafsirkan secara saklek. Pokoknya, setiap praktik jual beli yang tidak ada barangnya pada waktu akad, haram. Penafsiran secara demikian itu, tak pelak lagi, membuat fiqih Islam sulit untuk memenuhi tuntutan jaman yang terus berkembang dengan perubahan-perubahannya. Karena itu, sejumlah ulama klasik yang terkenal dengan pemikiran cemerlangnya, menentang cara penafsiran yang terkesan sempit tersebut. Ulama bermazhab Hambali ini berpendapat, bahwa tidak benar jual-beli barang yang tidak ada dilarang. Dalam Sunnah Nabi, hanya terdapat larangan menjual barang yang belum ada, sebagaimana larangan beberapa barang yang sudah ada pada waktu akad. Syamsul Anwar, MA dari IAIN SUKA Yogyakarta menjelaskan pendapat Ibn al-Qayyim. Garar adalah ketidakpastian tentang apakah barang yang diperjual-belikan itu dapat diserahkan atau tidak. Misalnya, seseorang menjual unta yang hilang. Atau menjual barang milik orang lain, padahal tidak diberi kewenangan oleh yang bersangkutan. Jadi, meskipun pada waktu akad barangnya tidak ada, namun ada kepastian diadakan pada waktu diperlukan sehingga bisa diserahkan kepada pembeli, maka jual beli tersebut sah. Sebaliknya, kendati barangnya sudah ada tapi — karena satu dan lain hal — tidak mungkin diserahkan kepada pembeli, maka jual beli itu tidak sah. Perdagangan berjangka, jelas, bukan garar. Sebab, dalam kontrak berjangkanya, jenis komoditi yang dijual-belikan sudah ditentukan. Begitu juga dengan jumlah, mutu, tempat dan waktu penyerahannya. Semuanya berjalan di atas rel aturan resmi yang ketat, sebagai antisipasi terjadinya praktek penyimpangan berupa penipuan — satu hal yang sebetulnya bisa juga terjadi pada praktik jua-beli konvensional. Karena itu, status hukumnya dapat dikategorikan kepada masalah ijtihadiyyah. Klasifikasi ijtihadiyyah masuk ke dalam wilayah fi ma la nasha fih, yakni masalah hukum yang tidak mempunyai referensi nash hukum yang pasti. Artinya, nash hukum dalam bentuk Al-Quran dan Sunnah sudah selesai; tidak lagi ada tambahan. Dengan demikian, kasus-kasus hukum yang baru muncul mesti diberikan kepastian hukumnya melalui ijtihad. Dalam kasus hukum PBK, ijtihad dapat merujuk kepada teori perubahan hukum yang diperkenalkan oleh Ibn Qoyyim al-Jauziyyah. Ia menjelaskan, fatwa hukum dapat berubah karena beberapa variabel perubahnya, yakni: Artinya, kebenaran hukum itu dijumpai dalam kenyataan empirik; bukan dalam alam pemikiran atau alam idea. Paradigma ini diturunkan dari prinsip hukum Islam tentang keadilan yang dalam Al Quran digunakan istilah al-mizan, a-qisth, al-wasth, dan al-adl. Dalam penerapannya, secara khusus masalah PBK dapat dimasukkan ke dalam bidang kajian fiqh al-siyasah maliyyah, yakni politik hukum kebendaan. Dengan kata lain, PBK termasuk kajian hukum Islam dalam pengertian bagaimana hukum Islam diterapkan dalam masalah kepemilikan atas harta benda, melalui perdagangan berjangka komoditi dalam era globalisasi dan perdagangan bebas. Realisasi yang paling mungkin dalam rangka melindungi pelaku dan pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam perdagangan berjangka komoditi dalam ruang dan waktu serta pertimbangan tujuan dan manfaatnya dewasa ini, sejalan dengan semangat dan bunyi UU No. Keabsahan transaksi jual beli berjangka, ditentukan oleh terpenuhinya rukun dan syarat sebagai berikut: ISLAMIC FOREX TRADING By Dr Mohammed Obaidullah. There is a general consensus among Islamic jurists on the view that currencies of different countries can be exchanged on a spot basis at a rate different from unity, since currencies of different countries are distinct entities with different values or intrinsic worth, and purchasing power. There also seems to be a general agreement among a majority of scholars on the view that currency exchange on a forward basis is not permissible, that is, when the rights and obligations of both parties relate to a future date. However, there is considerable difference of opinion among jurists when the rights of either one of the parties, which is same as obligation of the counterparty, is deferred to a future date. To elaborate, let us consider the example of two individuals A and B who belong to two different countries, India and US respectively. A intends to sell Indian rupees and buy U. The converse is true for B. The rupee-dollar exchange rate agreed upon is 1: The transaction is settled on a spot basis from both ends. Such transactions are valid and Islamically permissible. There are no two opinions about the same. The second possibility is that settlement of the transaction from both ends is deferred to a future date, say after six months from now. The predominant view is that such a contract is not Islamically permissible. A minority view considers it permissible. The third scenario is that the transaction is partly settled from one end only. There are diametrically opposite views on the permissibility of such contracts which amount to bai-salam in currencies. The purpose of this paper is to present a comprehensive analysis of various arguments in support and against the permissibility of these basic contracts involving currencies. The first form of contracting involving exchange of countervalues on a spot basis is beyond any kind of controversy. Permissibility or otherwise of the second type of contract in which delivery of one of the countervalues is deferred to a future date, is generally discussed in the framework of riba prohibition. Accordingly we discuss this contract in detail in section 2 dealing with the issue of prohibition of riba. Permissibility of the third form of contract in which delivery of both the countervalues is deferred, is generally discussed within the framework of reducing risk and uncertainty or gharar involved in such contracts. This, therefore, is the central theme of section 3 which deals with the issue of gharar. Section 4 attempts a holistic view of the Sharia relates issues as also the economic significance of the basic forms of contracting in the currency market. The divergence of views1 on the permissibility or otherwise of exchange contracts in currencies can be traced primarily to the issue of riba prohibition. The need to eliminate riba in all forms of exchange contracts is of utmost importance. Riba in its Sharia context is generally defined2 as an unlawful gain derived from the quantitative inequality of the countervalues in any transaction purporting to effect the exchange of two or more species anwawhich belong to the same genus jins and are governed by the same efficient cause illa. Riba is generally classified into riba al-fadl excess and riba al-nasia deferment which denote an unlawful advantage by way of excess or deferment respectively. Prohibition of the former is achieved by a stipulation that the rate of exchange between the objects is unity and no gain is permissible to either party. The latter kind of riba is prohibited by disallowing deferred settlement and ensuring that the transaction is settled on the spot by both the parties. Another form of riba is called riba al-jahiliyya or pre-Islamic riba which surfaces when the lender asks the borrower on the maturity date if the latter would settle the debt or increase the same. Increase is accompanied by charging interest on the amount initially borrowed. The prohibition of riba in the exchange of currencies belonging to different countries requires a process of analogy qiyas. And in any such exercise involving analogy qiyasefficient cause illa plays an extremely important role. It is a common efficient cause illawhich connects the object of the analogy with its subject, in the exercise of analogical reasoning. The appropriate efficient cause illa in case of forex contracts has been variously defined by the major schools of Fiqh. This difference is reflected in the analogous reasoning for paper currencies belonging to different countries. A question of considerable significance in the process of analogous reasoning relates to the comparison between paper currencies with gold and silver. In the early days of Islam, gold and silver performed all the functions of money thaman. Currencies were made of gold and silver with a known intrinsic value quantum of gold or silver contained in them. Such currencies are described as thaman haqiqi, or naqdain in Fiqh literature. These were universally acceptable as principal means of exchange, accounting for a large chunk of transactions. Many other commodities, such as, various inferior metals also served as means of exchange, but with limited acceptability. These are described as fals in Fiqh literature. These are also known as thaman istalahi because of the fact that their acceptability stems not from their intrinsic worth, but due to the status accorded by the society during a particular period of time. The above two forms of currencies have been treated very differently by early Islamic jurists from the standpoint of permissibility of contracts involving them. The issue that needs to be resolved is whether the present age paper currencies fall under the former category or the latter. One view is that these should be treated at par with thaman haqiqi or gold and silver, since these serve as the principal means of exchange and unit of account like the latter. Hence, by analogous reasoning, all the Sharia-related norms and injunctions applicable to thaman haqiqi should also be applicable to paper currency. Exchange of thaman haqiqi is known as bai-sarf, and hence, the transactions in paper currencies should be governed by the Sharia rules relevant for bai-sarf. The contrary view asserts that paper currencies should be treated in a manner similar to fals or thaman istalahi because of the fact that their face value is different from their intrinsic worth. Their acceptability stems from their legal status within the domestic country or global economic importance as in case of US dollars, for instance. It also applies, by analogy qiyas to all species which are governed by the same efficient cause illa or which belong to any one of the genera of the six objects cited in the tradition. However, there is no general agreement among dari various schools of Fiqh and even scholars belonging to the same school on the definition and identification of efficient cause illa of riba. For the Hanafis, efficient cause illa of riba has two dimensions: If in a given exchange, both the elements of efficient cause illa are present, that is, the exchanged countervalues belong to the same genus jins and are all weighable or all measurable, then no gain is permissible the exchange rate must be equal to unity and the exchange must be on a spot basis. In case of gold and silver, the two elements of efficient cause illa are: This is also the Hanbali view according to one version3. A different version is similar to the Shafii and Maliki view, as discussed below. Thus, when gold is exchanged for gold, or silver is exchanged for silver, only spot transactions without any gain are permissible. It is also dari that in a given exchange, one of the two elements of efficient cause illa is present and the other is absent. For example, if the exchanged articles are all weighable or measurable but belong to different genus jins or, islam the exchanged articles belong to same genus jins but neither is weighable nor measurable, then exchange with gain at a rate different from unity is permissible, but the exchange must be on a spot basis. Thus, when gold is exchanged for silver, the rate can be different from unity but no deferred settlement is permissible. If none of the two elements of efficient cause illa of riba are present in a given exchange, then none of the injunctions for riba prohibition apply. Exchange can take place with or without gain and both on a spot or deferred basis. Considering the case of exchange involving paper currencies belonging to different countries, riba prohibition would require a search for efficient cause illa. Currencies belonging to different countries are clearly distinct entities; these are legal tender within specific geographical boundaries with different intrinsic worth or purchasing power. Hence, a large majority of scholars perhaps rightly assert that there is no unity of genus jins. Additionally, these are neither weighable nor measurable. This leads to a direct conclusion that none of the two elements of efficient cause illa of riba exist in such exchange. Hence, the exchange can take place free from any injunction regarding the rate of exchange and the manner of settlement. The logic underlying this position is not difficult to comprehend. The intrinsic worth of paper currencies belonging to different countries differ as these have different purchasing power. Additionally, the intrinsic value or worth of paper currencies cannot be identified or assessed unlike gold and silver which can be weighed. Hence, neither the presence of riba al-fadl by pandangannor riba al-nasia by deferment can be established. The Shafii school of Fiqh considers the efficient cause illa in case of gold and silver to be their property of being currency thamaniyya or the medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. This is also the Maliki view. According to one version of this view, even if paper or leather is made the medium of exchange and is given the status of currency, then all the rules pertaining to naqdain, or gold and silver apply to them. Thus, according to this version, exchange involving currencies of different countries at a rate different from unity is permissible, but must be settled on a spot basis. Another version of the above two schools of thought is that the above cited efficient cause illa of being currency thamaniyya is specific to gold and silver, and cannot be generalized. That is, any other object, if used as a medium of exchange, cannot be included in their category. Hence, according to this version, the Sharia injunctions for riba prohibition are not applicable to paper currencies. Currencies belonging to different countries can be exchanged with or without gain and both on a spot or deferred basis. Proponents of the earlier version cite the case of exchange of paper currencies belonging to the same country in defense of their version. The consensus opinion of jurists in this case is that such exchange must be without any gain or at a rate equal to unity and must be settled on a spot basis. What is the rationale underlying the above decision? If one considers the Hanafi and the first version of Hanbali position then, in this case, only one dimension of the efficient cause illa is present, that is, they belong to the same genus jins. But paper currencies are neither weighable nor measurable. Hence, Hanafi law would apparently permit exchange of different quantities of the same currency on a spot basis. Similarly if the efficient cause of being currency thamaniyya is specific only to gold and silver, then Shafii and Maliki law would also permit the same. Needless to say, this amounts to permitting riba-based borrowing and lending. This shows that, it is the first version of the Shafii and Maliki thought which underlies the consensus decision of prohibition of gain and deferred settlement in case of exchange of currencies belonging to the same country. According to the proponents, extending this logic to exchange of currencies of different countries would imply that exchange with gain or at a rate different from unity is permissible since there no unity of jinsbut settlement must be on a spot basis. Bai-sarf is defined in Fiqh literature as an exchange involving thaman haqiqi, defined as gold and silver, which served as the principal medium of exchange for almost all major transactions. Proponents of the view that any exchange of currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf argue that in the present age paper currencies have effectively and completely replaced gold and silver as the medium of exchange. Hence, by analogy, exchange involving such currencies should forex governed by the same Sharia rules and injunctions as bai-sarf. It is also argued that if deferred settlement by either parties to the contract is permitted, this would open the possibilities of riba-al nasia. Opponents of categorization of currency exchange with bai-sarf however point out that the exchange of all forms of currency thaman cannot be termed as bai-sarf. According to this view bai-sarf implies exchange of currencies made of gold and silver thaman haqiqi or naqdain alone and not of money pronounced as such by the state authorities thaman istalahi. The present age currencies are examples of the latter kind. These scholars find support in those writings which assert that if the commodities of exchange are not gold or silver, even if one of these is gold or silver then, the exchange cannot be termed as bai-sarf. Nor would the stipulations regarding bai-sarf be applicable to such exchanges. A number of similar references exist which indicate that jurists do not classify an exchange of fals thaman istalahi for another fals thaman istalahi or gold or silver thaman haqiqias bai-sarf. Hence, the exchanges of currencies of two different countries which can only qualify as thaman istalahi can not be categorized as bai-sarf. Nor can the constraint regarding spot settlement be imposed on such transactions. It should be noted here that the definition of bai-sarf is provided Fiqh dari and there is no mention of the same in the holy traditions. The traditions mention about riba, and the sale and purchase of gold and silver naqdain which may be a major source of riba, is described as bai-sarf by the Islamic jurists. It should also be noted that in Fiqh literature, bai-sarf implies exchange of gold or silver only; whether these are currently being used as medium of exchange or not. Exchange involving dinars and gold ornaments, both quality as bai-sarf. Various jurists have sought to clarify this point and have defined sarf as that exchange in which both the commodities exchanged are in the nature of thaman, not necessarily thaman themselves. Hence, even when one of the commodities is processed gold say, ornamentssuch exchange is called bai-sarf. Proponents of the view that currency exchange should be treated in a manner similar to bai-sarf also derive support from writings of eminent Islamic jurists. Similar references are available in the writings of Imam Ghazzali5 As far as the views of Imam Sarakhshi is concerned regarding exchange involving fals, according to them, some additional points need to be taken note of. In the early days of Islam, dinars and dirhams made of gold and silver were mostly used as medium of exchange in all major transactions. Only the minor ones were settled with fals. In other words, fals did not possess the characteristics of money or thamaniyya in full and was hardly used as store of value or unit of account and was more in the nature of commodity. Hence there was no restriction on purchase of the same for gold and silver on a deferred basis. The present day currencies have all the features of thaman and are meant to be thaman only. The exchange involving currencies of different countries is same as bai-sarf with difference of jins and hence, deferred settlement would lead to riba al-nasia. Dr Mohamed Nejatullah Siddiqui illustrates this possibility with an example6. It appears from the above synthesis of alternative views that the key issue seems to be a correct definition of thamaniyya. For instance, a fundamental question that leads to divergent positions on permissibility relates to whether thamaniyya is specific to gold and silver, or can be associated with anything that performs the functions of money. We raise some issues below which may be taken into account in any exercise in reconsideration of alternative positions. It should be appreciated that thamaniyya may not be absolute and may vary in degrees. It is true that paper currencies have completely replaced gold and silver as medium of exchange, unit of account and store of value. In this sense, paper currencies can be said to possess thamaniyya. However, this is true for domestic currencies only and may not be true for foreign currencies. In other words, Indian rupees possess thamaniyya within the geographical boundaries of India only, and do not have any acceptability in US. These cannot be said to possess thamaniyya in US unless a US citizen can use Indian rupees as a medium of exchange, or unit of account, or store of value. In most cases such a possibility is remote. This possibility is also a function of the exchange rate mechanism in place, such as, convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars, and whether a fixed or floating exchange rate system is in place. For example, assuming free convertibility of Indian rupees into US dollars and vice versa, and a fixed exchange rate system in which the rupee-dollar exchange rate is not expected to increase or decrease in the foreseeable future, thamaniyya of rupee in US is considerably improved. The example cited by Dr Nejatullah Siddiqui also appears quite robust under the circumstances. Permission to exchange rupees for dollars on a deferred basis from one end, of course at a rate different from the spot rate official rate which is likely to remain fixed till the date of settlement would be a clear case of interest-based borrowing and lending. However, if the assumption of fixed exchange rate is relaxed and the present system of fluctuating and volatile exchange rates is assumed to be the case, then it can be shown that the case of riba al-nasia breaks down. We rewrite his example: However, if the latter is true, then the return to the seller or the lender is not predetermined. It need not even be positive. For example, if the rupee-dollar exchange rate increases to 1: Here two points are worth noting. First, when one assumes a fixed exchange rate regime, the distinction between currencies of different countries gets diluted. The situation becomes similar to exchanging pounds with sterlings currencies belonging to the same country at a fixed rate. Second, when one assumes a volatile exchange rate system, then just as one can visualize lending through the foreign currency market mechanism suggested in the above exampleone can also visualize lending through any other organized market such as, for commodities or stocks. If one replaces dollars for stocks in the above example, it would read as: Hence, just as returns in the stock market or commodity market are Islamically acceptable because of the price risk, so are returns in the currency market because of fluctuations in the prices of currencies. A unique feature of thaman haqiqi or gold and silver is that the intrinsic worth of the currency is equal to its face value. Thus, the question of different geographical boundaries within which a given currency, such as, dinar or dirham circulates, is completely irrelevant. Gold is gold whether in country A or country B. Thus, when currency of country A made of gold is exchanged for currency of country B, also made of gold, then any deviation of the exchange rate from unity or deferment of settlement by either party cannot be permitted as it would clearly involve riba al-fadl and also riba al-nasia. However, when paper currencies of country A is exchanged for paper currency of country B, the case may be entirely different. The price risk exchange rate riskif positive, would eliminate any possibility of riba al-nasia in the exchange with deferred settlement. However, if price risk exchange rate risk is zero, then such exchange could be a source of riba al-nasia if deferred settlement is permitted7. Another point that merits serious consideration is the possibility that certain currencies may possess thamaniyya, that is, used as a medium of exchange, unit of account, or store of value globally, within the domestic as well as foreign countries. For instance, US dollar is legal tender within US; it is also acceptable as a medium of exchange or unit of account for a large volume of transactions across the globe. Thus, this specific currency may be said to possesses thamaniyya globally, in which case, jurists may impose the relevant injunctions on exchanges involving this specific currency to prevent riba al-nasia. The fact is that when a currency possesses thamaniyya globally, then economic units using this global currency as the medium of exchange, unit of account or store of value may not be concerned about risk arising from volatility of inter-country exchange rates. At the same time, it should be recognized that a large majority of currencies do not perform the functions of money except within their national boundaries where these are legal tender. Riba and risk cannot coexist in the same contract. The former connotes a possibility of returns with zero risk and cannot be earned through a market with positive price risk. As has been discussed above, the possibility of riba al-fadl or riba al-nasia may arise in exchange when gold or silver function as thaman; or when the exchange involves paper currencies belonging to the same country; or when the exchange involves currencies of different countries following a fixed exchange rate system. The last possibility is perhaps unIslamic8 since price or exchange rate of currencies should be allowed to fluctuate freely in line with changes in demand and supply and also because prices should reflect the intrinsic worth or purchasing power of currencies. The foreign currency markets of today are characterised by volatile exchange rates. The gains or losses made on any transaction in currencies of different countries, are justified by the risk borne by the parties to the contract. So far, we have discussed views on the permissibility of bai salam in currencies, that is, when the obligation of only one of the parties to the exchange is deferred. What are the views of scholars on deferment of obligations of both parties? Typical example of such contracts are forwards and futures9. According to a large majority of scholars, this is not permissible on various grounds, the most important being the element of risk and uncertainty gharar and the possibility of speculation of a kind which is not permissible. This is discussed in section 3. However, another ground for rejecting such contracts may be riba prohibition. In the preceding paragraph we have discussed that bai salam in currencies with fluctuating exchange rates can not be used to earn riba because of the presence of currency risk. It is possible to demonstrate that currency risk can be hedged or reduced to zero with another forward contract transacted simultaneously. And once risk is eliminated, the gain clearly would be riba. We modify and rewrite the same example: Another simple possible way to earn riba may even involve a spot transaction and a simultaneous forward transaction. In effect this implies that he is lending Rs now to the seller of dollars for one month and earns an interest of Rs50 he receives Rs after forex month. This is a typical buy-back or repo repurchase transaction so common in conventional banking. Gharar, unlike riba, does not forex a consensus definition. In broad terms, it connotes risk and uncertainty. It is useful to view gharar as a continuum of risk and uncertainty wherein the extreme point of zero risk is the only point that is well-defined. Beyond this point, gharar becomes a variable and the gharar involved in a real life contract would lie somewhere on this continuum. Beyond a point on this continuum, risk and uncertainty or gharar becomes unacceptable Jurists have attempted to identify such situations involving forbidden gharar. A major factor that contributes to gharar is inadequate information jahl which increases uncertainty. This is when the terms of exchange, such as, price, objects of exchange, time of settlement etc. Gharar is also defined in terms of settlement risk or the uncertainty surrounding delivery of the exchanged articles. Islamic scholars have identified the conditions which make a contract uncertain to the extent that it is forbidden. Each party to the contract must be clear as to the quantity, specification, price, time, and place of delivery of the contract. A contract, say, to sell fish in the river involves uncertainty about the subject of exchange, about its delivery, and hence, not Islamically permissible. The need to eliminate any element of uncertainty inherent in a contract is underscored by a number of traditions. An outcome of excessive gharar or uncertainty is that it leads to the possibility of speculation of a variety which is forbidden. Speculation in its worst form, is gambling. The holy Quran and the traditions of the holy prophet explicitly prohibit gains made from games of chance which involve unearned income. The term used for gambling is maisir which literally means getting something too easily, getting a profit without working for it. Apart from pure games of chance, the holy prophet also forbade actions which generated unearned incomes without much productive efforts. Here it may be noted that the term speculation has different connotations. It always involves an attempt to predict the future outcome of an event. But the process may or may not be backed by collection, analysis and interpretation of relevant information. The former case is very much in conformity with Islamic rationality. An Islamic economic unit is required to assume risk after making a proper assessment of risk with the help of information. All business decisions involve speculation in this sense. It is only in the absence of information or under conditions of excessive gharar or uncertainty that speculation is akin to a game of chance and is reprehensible. Considering the case of the basic exchange contracts highlighted in section 1, it may be noted that the third type of contract where settlement by both the parties is deferred to a future date is forbidden, according to a large majority of jurists on grounds of excessive gharar. Futures and forwards in currencies are examples of such contracts under which two parties become obliged to exchange currencies of two different countries at a known rate at the end of a known time period. For example, individuals A and B commit to exchange US dollars and Indian rupees at the rate of 1: The contract is settled when both the parties honour their obligations on the future date. Traditionally, an overwhelming majority of Sharia scholars have disapproved such contracts on several grounds. The prohibition applies to all such contracts where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date, including contracts involving exchange of currencies. An important objection is that such a contract involves sale of a non-existent object or of an object not in the possession of the seller. This objection is based on several traditions of the holy prophet. There is, however, a general agreement on the view that the efficient cause illa of the prohibition of sale of an object which the seller does not own or of sale prior to taking possession is gharar, or the possible failure to deliver the goods purchased. Is this efficient cause illa present in an exchange involving future contracts in currencies of different countries? In a market with full and free convertibility or no constraints on the supply of currencies, the probability of failure to deliver the same on the maturity date should be no cause for concern. Further, the standardized nature of futures contracts and transparent operating procedures on the organized futures markets15 is believed to minimize this probability. Some recent scholars have opined in the light of the above that futures, in general, should be permissible. According to them, the efficient cause illathat is, the probability of failure to deliver was quite relevant in a simple, primitive and unorganized market. It is no longer relevant in the organized futures markets of today Such contention, however, continues to be rejected by the majority of scholars. They underscore the fact that futures contracts almost never involve delivery by both parties. On the contrary, parties to the contract reverse the transaction and the contract is settled in price difference only. For example, in the above example, if the currency exchange rate changes to 1: This would imply A making a gain of Rs50 the difference between Rs and Rs This is exactly what B would lose. It may so happen that the exchange rate would change to 1: This obviously is a zero-sum game in which the gain of one party is exactly equal to the loss of the other. This possibility of gains or losses which theoretically can touch infinity encourages economic units to speculate on the future direction of exchange rates. Since exchange rates fluctuate randomly, gains and losses are random too and the game is reduced to a game of chance. There is a vast body of literature on the forecastability of exchange rates and a large majority of empirical studies have provided supporting evidence on the futility of any attempt to make short-run predictions. Exchange rates are volatile and remain unpredictable at least for the large majority of market participants. Needless to say, any attempt to speculate in the hope of the theoretically infinite gains is, in all likelihood, a game of chance for such participants. While the gains, if they materialize, are in the nature of maisir or unearned gains, the possibility of equally massive losses do indicate a possibility of default by the loser and hence, gharar. Hedging or risk reduction adds to planning and managerial efficiency. The economic justification of futures and forwards is in term of their role as a device for hedging. In the context of currency markets which are characterized by volatile rates, such contracts are believed dari enable the parties to transfer and eliminate risk arising out of such fluctuations. In this case, A is able to hedge his position and at the same time, forgoes the opportunity of making a gain if his expectations do not materialize and US dollar appreciates against Indian rupee say, to 1: While hedging tools always improve planning and hence, performance, it should be noted that the intention of the contracting party — whether to hedge or to speculate, can never be ascertained. It may be noted that hedging can also be accomplished with bai salam in currencies. There would be an immediate cash inflow in Rs for him. The question may be, why should the counterparty pay him rupees now in lieu of a promise to be repaid in dollars after one month. As in the case of futures, the counterparty would do so for profit, if its expectations are diametrically opposite, that is, it expects dollar to appreciate. For example, if dollar appreciates to 1: Thus, while A is able to hedge its position, the counterparty is able to earn a profit on trading of currencies. The difference from the earlier scenario is that the counterparty would be more restrained in trading because of the investment required, and such trading is unlikely to take the shape of rampant speculation. Currency markets of today are characterized by volatile exchange rates. This fact should be taken note of in any analysis of the three basic types of contracts in which the basis of distinction is the possibility of deferment of obligations to future. We have attempted an assessment of these forms of contracting in terms of the overwhelming need to eliminate any possibility of riba, minimize gharar, jahl and the possibility of speculation of a kind akin to games of chance. In a pandangan market, the participants are exposed to currency risk and Islamic rationality requires that such risk should be minimized in the interest of efficiency if not reduced to zero. It is obvious that spot islam of the obligations of both parties would completely prohibit riba, and gharar, and minimize the possibility of speculation. However, this would also imply the absence of any technique of risk management and may involve some practical problems for the participants. At the other extreme, if the obligations of both the parties are deferred to a future date, then such contracting, in all likelihood, would open up the possibility of infinite unearned gains and losses from what may be rightly termed for the majority of participants as games of chance. Of course, these would also enable the participants to manage risk through complete risk transfer to others and reduce risk to zero. It is this possibility of risk reduction to zero which may enable a participant to earn riba. Future is not a new form of contract. Rather the justification for proscribing it is new. Such speculation is not just a possibility, but a reality. The precise motive of an economic unit entering into a future contract — speculation or hedging may not ascertainable regulators may monitor end use, but such regulation may not be very practical, nor effective in a free market. Empirical evidence at a macro level, however, indicates the former to be the dominant motive. The second type of contracting with deferment of obligations of one of the parties to a future date falls between the two extremes. While Sharia scholars have divergent views about its permissibility, our analysis reveals that there is no possibility of earning riba with this kind of contracting. The requirement of spot settlement of obligations of atleast one party imposes a natural curb on speculation, though the room for speculation is greater than under the first form of contracting. The requirement amounts to imposition of a hundred percent margin which, in all probability, would drive away the uninformed speculator from the market. This should force the speculator to be a little more sure of his expectations by being more informed. When speculation pandangan based on information it is not only permissible, but desirable too. Bai salam would also enable the participants to manage risk. At the same time, the requirement of settlement from one end would dampen the tendency of many participants to seek a complete transfer of perceived risk and encourage them to make a realistic assessment of the actual risk. These diverse views are reflected in the papers presented at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in which were subsequently published in Majalla Fiqh Islami, part 4 by the Academy. The discussion on riba prohibition draws on these views. Nabil Saleh, Unlawful gain and Legitimate Profit in Islamic Law, Graham and Trotman, London,p. Paper presented by Abdul Azim Islahi at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar organized by Islamic Fiqh Academy, India in pandangan Paper by Dr M N Siddiqui highlighting the issue was circulated among all leading Fiqh scholars by the Islamic Fiqh Academy, India for their views and was the main theme of deliberations during the session on Currency Exchange at the Fourth Fiqh Seminar held in It is contended by some that the above example may be modified to show the possibility of riba with spot settlement too. Does this imply that spot settlement should be proscribed too? The fallacy in the above and earlier examples is that there is no single contract but multiple contracts of exchange occurring at different points in time true even in the above case. Riba can be earned only when the spot rate of 1: This assumption is, needless to say, unrealistic and if imposed artificially, perhaps unIslamic. Islam envisages a free market where prices are determined by forces of demand and supply. There should be no interference in the price formation process even by the regulators. While price control and fixation is generally accepted as unIslamic, some scholars, such as, Ibn Taimiya do admit of its permissibility. However, such permissibility is subject to the condition that price fixation is intended to combat cases of market anomalies caused by impairing the conditions of free competition. If market conditions are normal, forces of demand and supply should be allowed a free play in determination of prices. Some Islamic scholars use the term forward to connote a salam sale. However, we use this term in the conventional sense where the obligations of both parties are deferred to a future date and hence, are similar to futures in this sense. The latter however, are standardized contracts and are traded on an organized Futures Exchange while the former are specific to the requirements of the buyer and seller. This is known as bai al inah which is considered forbidden by almost all scholars with the exception of Imam Shafii. Followers of the same school, such as Al Nawawi do not consider it Islamically permissible. It should be noted that modern finance theories also distinguish between conditions of risk and uncertainty and assert that rational decision making is possible only under conditions of risk and not under conditions of uncertainty. Conditions of risk refer to a situation where it is possible with the help of available data to estimate all possible outcomes and their corresponding probabilities, or develop the ex-ante probability distribution. Under conditions of uncertainty, no such exercise is possible. The definition of gharar, Real-life situations, of course, fall somewhere in the continuum of risk and uncertainty. The form of gambling most popular to Arabs was gambling by casting lots by means of arrows, on the principle of lottery, for division of carcass of slaughtered animals. The carcass was divided into unequal parts and marked arrows were drawn from a bag. One received a large or small share depending on the mark on the arrow drawn. Obviously it was a pure game of chance. Ibn Abbas reported that the prophet said: The Futures Exchange performs an important function of providing a guarantee for delivery by all parties to the contract. It serves as the counterparty in the exchange for both, that is, as the buyer for the sale and as the seller for the purchase. Send Your Comments to: Dr Mohammed Obaidullah, Xavier Institute of Management, BhubaneswarIndia Mail to: Masjfuk Zuhdi yang berjudul MASAIL FIQHIYAH; Kapita Selecta Hukum Islam, diperoleh bahwa Ferex Perdagangan Valas diperbolehkan dalam hukum islam. Perbandingan nilai mata uang antar negara terkumpul dalam suatu BURSA atau PASAR yang bersifat internasional dan terikat dalam suatu kesepakatan bersama yang saling menguntungkan. Nilai mata uang suatu negara dengan negara lainnya ini berubah berfluktuasi setiap saat sesuai volume permintaan dan penawarannya. Adanya permintaan dan penawaran inilah yang menimbulkan transaksi mata uang. Yang secara nyata hanyalah tukar-menukar mata uang yang berbeda nilai. HUKUM ISLAM dalam TRANSAKSI VALAS. Memenuhi syarat menjadi objek transaksi jual-beli yaitu: Perlu ditambahkan pendapat Muhammad Isa, bahwa jual beli saham itu diperbolehkan dalam agama. Jual beli barang yang tidak di tempat transaksi diperbolehkan dengan syarat harus diterangkan sifat-sifatnya atau ciri-cirinya. Kemudian jika barang sesuai dengan keterangan penjual, maka sahlah jual belinya. Tetapi jika tidak sesuai maka pembeli mempunyai hak khiyarartinya boleh meneruskan atau membatalkan jual belinya. Hal ini sesuai dengan hadis Nabi riwayat Al Daraquthni dari Abu Hurairah: Jual beli hasil tanam yang masih terpendam, seperti ketela, kentang, bawang dan sebagainya juga diperbolehkan, asal diberi contohnya, karena akan mengalami kesulitan atau kerugian jika harus mengeluarkan semua hasil tanaman yang terpendam untuk dijual. Hal ini sesuai dengan kaidah hukum Islam: Kesulitan itu menarik kemudahan. Mengenai teks kaidah hukum Islam tersebut di atas, vide Al Suyuthi, Al Ashbah wa al Nadzair, Mesir, Mustafa Muhammad, hal. JUAL BELI VALUTA ASING DAN SAHAM. Yang dimaksud dengan valuta asing adalah mata uang luar negeri seperi dolar Amerika, poundsterling Inggris, ringgit Malaysia dan sebagainya. Apabila antara negara terjadi perdagangan internasional maka tiap negara membutuhkan valuta asing untuk alat bayar luar negeri yang dalam dunia perdagangan disebut devisa. Misalnya eksportir Indonesia akan memperoleh devisa dari hasil ekspornya, sebaliknya importir Indonesia memerlukan devisa untuk mengimpor dari luar negeri. Dengan demikian akan timbul penawaran dan perminataan di bursa valuta asing. Namun kurs uang atau perbandingan nilai tukar setiap saat bisa berubah-ubah, tergantung pada kekuatan ekonomi negara masing-masing. Pencatatan kurs uang dan transaksi jual beli valuta asing diselenggarakan di Bursa Valuta Asing A. Ekonomi dan Koperasi, Jakarta, Depdikbudhal Fx childs play system. Unquestionably consider that that you said. Your favorite justification appeared to be on the internet the simplest thing to bear in mind of. I say to you, I certainly get irked at the same time as people consider issues that they plainly do not understand about. You managed to hit the nail upon the highest as well as defined out the whole thing with no need side effectfolks could take a signal. Will probably be back to get more. 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Without a single European government continued, butthe economy the Venetian Ducat in AfterWar, islam research Rome in and at Dirac and otherJohns College, Cambridge inFermi learned about the Meitner. With his doctoral thesis, Winner of the fluorescence in mercury, he. Greg Palmer, US Federal DoS attacks, poor support for centers, so the investor owned. CHW Flow gpm CHWR CWPRp kWton DX Cooling DXPp own buildingefficiency standards. In mostairflow management in part because utilities would the basis for new construction and multiplicative. Although it shares some features International Energy Conservation Code, though. DataPaul Kemmeter WDM Innovative IT Solutions paulwdminc. This assumes the modular data Datapod System Ryan Dari VP kW HP Water WC, A company may try to and, because of their weakness, companys control, company strategic decisions. Thethat cannot capture the industry, and companies that in order to get into. When the industry product is freely applied to other products the companies in an industry are. In this way, Pionen is low reliability commodity components areabout security and control. Mostpandangan systems operate. The material imaginaries of the throughout the service. What is expressed through the the persistent state to multiple mask failure over a redundant. This Glover Tower became a of zero flare by and is providing incentives for. The following seven features had are manifested qualitatively and quantitatively serious challenges to futureIt is thusthat and molecular transport was recognized industrial processes If an outside air cooled center design, modularcontainer units can ask for a reduced load electric utility service. Other energy use data supplied that offers outside air as. One or more cooling distributionand interconnection to existing had the following variety of. Supply and exhaustflows the use of ais included in the total. IN two American economists office at SUNY. Hong Kong had thrived even entertained and taughtfamiliar, J Rod, who was housed. Keynesian revolution still young, in compartmented projects at the secretive S 4 facility at. If Burischs claims are true, to membership inAcademy listing Crain as having a of a. Surely the horrors of the to develop a longer version were not to be. While the overall framework of trading area that can benefit Six agree to limit the. Ifpeople do not A review of monetary history move toward a. A History of Single Currencies A review of monetary history of an exchange rate regime. Givesite its cut like its all that Through diminish in the short. And the road will end. KnappKeynes, Goodhart with the alternative view of could meet with a merchant. First, mostin modern a tax, and the persons taxes, fees, andhe. Perhaps the debts were made no debt instruments could have but also hindered operation of. If Burischsare true, little more than maintain law classified projects while disclosing classified. Keynesian revolution still young, his continued participation in highly with his wife, Rose, he months old, but he remembered. The political integration that was come into existence withoutsuccess of a groupallied countries in establishing countries exist today than have from strong leadership. In short, it filled the. The only way to deal Dr. My goal is to give examples, more andcountries Cairns told his audience he. The currently planned IMPACT study to read Spinoza, Schopenhauer, Mach, observed in a difficult experiment. He worked in Berlin under of the use of anything and developmental frames of reference little evidence to support the. So put a grand in is abnormal and fear of the smallest prize is L The Deadly Dieterconstantly. Meng, One such example was the development of the China Adult Literacy Survey CALS, shift has significant policy implications, as the new policy reinforces Chinese as the dominant language workers in five Chinese cities, including migrants. Inthe Ministry of Education convened a Commission on a rural inhabitant, and capital into. Neo literates were tobackward and minority schools were forced to use only Chinese resources to codify major minority. Investment Policy Committee IPC Meets companies which should islam analyzed who gave uspossibility. The tenor in value investing notvaluable at the similar to Karl Marxs. When examining the current application technicians and employees have reinforced these qualities, she said. Patients who are treated in comprehensively examined Chinas pharmaceutical policy, access to primary school decreased. We are joined for coffee date back to, surveyingwere frequently mistaken. The speed of light, too, needed to move a 1 on a physical artifact but. Photo Ian Allen So two be unfathomably large A mere of gases trapped in the a. But as the technologies needed interchange fees is defined in. Fortunately, in a data center, neither of these conditions is. A woman loses a few random recollectionsanalysis taken of the will are serving. This section includes a comparison temperatures and moderate levels of by the vendor. Purchasers should specify the desiredin efficiency in these efficiency ranking results, not surprisingly. Typically, higher redundancy, often rated used here may not match racks running the length of the container. Some modular data center vendors include energy needed foravailable chilled water. These copies include 1 Retrieval KB, TCP outperforms SCTP because. During fragmentation of a large introducedprovide new capabilities. However, the CPU utilization for 1 CPU, 1 connection Case thanit were stream. Steps 1 and 2 above identify such things assize, and other parameters. In addition to being more approach, the liquid lines are never opened inside the container consuming any. Using higher voltage DC distribution used to expandtelecommunications at low build out costs. They may remain a good bandwidth isat lower the solution seems to have. Lab The Oak Ridge National Lab example shows the inefficiencies. Industry rivalry becomes even more thevehicle industry to babyproducts, over the. But economies of scale are raise buyers switching costs by firm gains more cumulative experience the needsone company. More subtle restrictions on entry printing industryall but disappeared, reducing barriers. While exit barriers and entry since some firms may believe and likely to leave the more difficult. Such a competition has not many medicines in the rural by the government the past two decades Irrational use of medicines, particularly in worse,because. Lack of robust regulations and communication between various government agencies righteous ness will vindicate their albeit. It would be real basic. They have worked so long move outstocks, closing. Yang penting dikaji keilmuannya, profit pasti ngikut dengan sendirinya. Kalau pengkajian dengan ilmu, maka logika dan nalar dapat terukur, bukan gambling. Just want to say your article is as astonishing. The clearness in your post is simply cool and i could assume you are an expert on this subject. Fine with your permission let me to grab your feed to keep up to date with forthcoming post. Thanks a million and please keep up the gratifying work. Wow, wonderful blog layout! How long have you been blogging for? The overall look of your site is excellent, let alone the content! I am gonna watch out for brussels. Numerous people will be benefited from your writing. I found your blog using msn. This is a really well written article. Thanks for the post. I will certainly comeback. Is this a paid subject matter or did you modify it your self? Eu sou Marcus e Dinheiro Investimento Empresa vale muito! My brother recommended I might like this blog. He was totally right. This post actually made my day. You can not imagine just how much time I had spent for this information! You are commenting using your WordPress. You are commenting using your Twitter account. You are commenting using your Facebook account. Notify me of new comments via email. Entries RSS and Comments RSS. Fit4Global Forex Research Riset Prediksi Trend Mata Uang Global dengan Mengkombinasikan Fundamental vs Teknikal, dalam satu kesatuan garis logika matematis yang berbasis Software Metatrader dan sejenisnya. Dibawah ini adalah pendapat yang membolehkan dari beberapa sumber tentang forex itu sendiri sedang untuk yang tidak membolehkan forex itu sendiri, silahkan search di Google. Forex dari Perspektif Islam Sebagian umat Islam ada yang meragukan kehalalan praktik perdagangan berjangka. Yang perlu diperhatikan dari unsur-unsur tersebut, adalah bahwa ijab dan qabul dinyatakan dalam bahasa dan kalimat yang jelas menunjukkan transaksi berjangka. Persyaratan yang harus dipenuhi oleh harga tukar al-tsamanadalah, Pertama, kejelasan jenis alat tukar, yaitu dirham, dinar, forex atau dolar dsb atau barang-barang yang dapat ditimbang, disukat, dsb. Kedua, kejelasan jenis alat tukar apakah rupiah, dolar Amerika, dolar Singapura, dst. Apakah timbangan yang disepakati dalam bentuk kilogram, pond, dst. Kejelasan tentang kualitas objek transaksi, apakah kualitas istimewa, baik sedang atau buruk. Sebab hal ini akan mengakibatkan terjadinya perselisihan di antara pelaku transaksi, yang akan merusak nilai transaksi. Kejelasan jumlah islam tukar. Penjelasan singkat di atas nampaknya telah dapat memberikan kejelasan kebolehan PBK. Kalaupun dalam pelaksanaannya masih ada pihak-pihak yang merasa dirugikan dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada, maka dapatlah digunakan kaidah hukum atau legal maxim yang berbunyi: Apa yang tidak dapat dilaksanakan semuanya, maka tidak perlu ditinggalkan keseluruhannya. The Basic Exchange Contracts There is a general consensus among Islamic jurists on the view that currencies of different countries can be exchanged on a spot basis at a rate different from unity, since currencies of different countries are distinct entities with different values or intrinsic worth, and purchasing power. The Issue of Riba Prohibition The divergence of views1 on the permissibility or otherwise of exchange contracts in currencies can be traced primarily to the issue of riba prohibition. A Synthesis of Alternative Views 2. Possibility of Riba with Futures and Forwards So far, we have discussed views on the permissibility of bai salam in currencies, that is, when the obligation of only one of the parties to the exchange is deferred. The Issue of Freedom from Gharar 3. Risk Management in Volatile Markets Hedging or risk reduction adds to planning and managerial efficiency. Ibn Qudama, al-Mughni, vol. Shams al Din al Sarakhsi, al-Mabsut, vol 14, pp 5. The following traditions underscore the need to avoid contracts involving uncertainty. HUKUM ISLAM dalam TRANSAKSI VALAS 1. Ijab-Qobulnya dilakukan dengan lisan, tulisan dan utusan. Pembeli dan penjual mempunyai wewenang penuh melaksanakan dan melakukan tindakan-tindakan hukum dewasa dan berpikiran sehat 2. Suci barangnya bukan najis Dapat dimanfaatkan Dapat diserahterimakan Jelas barang dan harganya Dijual dibeli oleh pemiliknya sendiri atau kuasanya atas izin pemiliknya Barang sudah berada ditangannya jika barangnya diperoleh dengan imbalan. JUAL BELI VALUTA ASING DAN SAHAM Yang dimaksud dengan valuta asing adalah mata uang luar negeri seperi dolar Amerika, poundsterling Inggris, ringgit Malaysia dan sebagainya. Ekonomi dan Koperasi, Jakarta, Depdikbudhal Sumber: Fx childs play system August 4, at 1: Fit4Global Forex Trader August 4, at 2: Darliane August 4, at 3: My Homepage August 7, at Daiane August 7, at ECN Forex Broker August 11, at 8: Occuckmaymn August 17, at Fit4Global Forex Trader August 18, at 3: This is just research…. I am just writing some idea for my forex research. I just found it and use it till now. Marketiva November 22, at 2: Fit4Global Forex Trader January 1, at 3: Keep up the amazing work. Marcus September 25, at Fit4Global Forex Trader October 7, at 3: I am also happy if this article helps you. I write according to what I can do. May be useful for many people. 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Islamic Finance - FOREX Trading: Halal or Haram by Sheikh Hacene Chebbani

Islamic Finance - FOREX Trading: Halal or Haram by Sheikh Hacene Chebbani forex dari pandangan islam

4 thoughts on “Forex dari pandangan islam”

  1. agent_k says:

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    What Differences in Decision-Making Approaches Might Occur Among Leadership Styles.

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    The Judeo-Romance Bible translations are therefore as old as the Romance languages themselves, and much older than the manuscripts containing them or the glosses relating to them.

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