The history of the last century is the history of oil. According to Project Underground, the California based industry watchdog, petroleum exploration currently threatens old growth frontier forests in 22 countries, coral reefs in 38 countries, and mangroves in 46 countries. Keep in mind that this is just what is being destroyed while these corporate giants look for future sites to exploit. Given the incredible danger this industry represents to humanity, one might ask what kind of people would continue to push the world into ever greater use of petroleum products while simultaneously thwarting efforts to develop alternatives such as renewable energy sources. Well would it be any surprise that they would be the same type of people that would actively collaborate with the Nazis and the Japanese fascists during the second world war, or the types of people who today would employ military death squads against peaceful protesters? This space is far to short to give even a superficial introduction to the history of back room deals with dictators, violence, murder, and genocide which is synonymous with the history of oil, but just to illustrate my point I will briefly discuss some of the lower points in the history of Standard Oil and its progeny. The Standard Oil Trust was dissolved under court order in creating many smaller regional companies, including Standard Oil of New Jersey ExxonStandard Oil of New York MobilStandard Oil of California ChevronStandard Oil of Ohio SohioStandard Oil of Indiana AmocoContinental Oil Zrozumiecand Atlantic Oil ARCO. By Standard Oil of New Jersey was the largest oil company in the world, controlling 84 percent of the U. Its bank was Chase and its owners were the Rockefellers. After the Rockefellers, the next largest stockholder in Standard Oil was I. Farben, the giant German chemical company. This investment was part of a pattern of reciprocal investments between the U. During the Great Depression, Germany was viewed as a hot area in which to invest. A brief aside is required here to explain what type of company I. The depth of I. Drawn by the seemingly limitless supply of death camp labor, Farben built I. Auschwitz, a huge industrial complex designed to produce synthetic rubber and oil. This installation used as much electricity as the entire city of Berlin, and more than 25, camp inmates died during its construction. Farben eventually built its own concentration camp, known as Monowitz, which was closer to the site of the complex than Auschwitz was, in order to eliminate the need to march prisoners several miles to and from the plant every day. This was the company enthusiastically embraced by Standard Oil as well as other major Forex corporations like Du Pont and General Motors. Zrozumiec do not, however, state that Standard Oil collaborated with the Nazis simply because I. Farben was its second forex shareholder. In fact, without the explicit help of Forex Oil, the Nazi air force would never have gotten off the ground in the first place. The planes that made up the Luftwaffe needed tetraethyl lead gasoline in order to fly. At the time, only Standard Oil, Du Pont, and General Motors had the ability to produce this vital substance. InWalter C. Teagle, then president of Standard Oil, helped Hermann Schmitz of I. Farben to acquire tons of tetraethyl lead from Ethyl, a British Standard subsidiary. A year later, Schmitz returned to London and obtained an additional 15 million dollars worth of tetraethyl lead which was zrozumiec be turned into aviation gasoline back in Germany. After the war began in Europe, the English became angry about U. Standard Oil immediately changed the registration of their entire fleet to Panamanian to avoid British search or seizure. These ships continued to carry oil to Tenerife in the Canary Islands, where they refueled and siphoned oil to German tankers for shipment to Hamburg. This deception was exposed on March 31, when the U. State Department issued a detailed report on refueling stations in Mexico and Central and South America that were suspected of furnishing oil to Italian and German merchant vessels. The report listed Standard Oil of New Jersey and Standard Oil of California among those fueling enemy ships, but there is no record of any action being taken as a result of this discovery. A brief side note, however, is that on April 17, l the Chase National Bank was placed on trial in federal court on charges of having violated the Trading With the Enemy Act by converting German marks into U. Because many countries refused to accept German currency during the war, the Nazis used foreign banks like Chase National to change the currency into money that would be accepted, and thus allowed them to purchase much need materials to prolong the war. The closer one looks, the more ties one finds between American business and Nazi Germany, many of which remained strong well into and beyond the war. These giant oil companies have a long and continuing history of abusing the human rights of the people on whose land they drill for oil as well as showing a careless disregard for the environment. Exxon-Mobil has often used helicopters to harass indigenous communities in Peru and elsewhere around the world. In addition, Exxon-Mobil is part of an international consortium along with Shell and the French oil company ELF which was planning a multi-billion dollar oil exploitation project in the African nations of Chad and Cameroon that posses serious environmental and social risks. The project consists of the development of oil fields in southern Chad and building a mile pipeline through Cameroon for export which would be supported by public funding from the World Bank. The mile underground pipeline through Cameroon will pass through ecologically fragile rainforest areas, including an area that is the home of a Pygmy minority of traditional hunters and gatherers. As a result of the project, deforestation, wildlife poaching, and the loss of farmland will accelerate, creating a destructive environmental legacy. The pipeline poses a danger of groundwater contamination and pollution of important regional river systems, as crude oil containing heavy metals leaks into the environment. Some might say that compared to selling oil to the Nazis these things are not really so bad. One indisputable example of this abuse is in the Nigerian Delta. Nigeria is the sixth-largest oil-producing nation in the world, but few people in the Niger Delta share in the profits. Many communities have no electricity, clean water or medical clinics, and suffer the health effects of oil pollution. The transnational oil companies and their Nigerian military business partners responded to this threat to their profits with raw violence. The Nigerian military shot to death two protesters, Jola Ogungbeje and Aroleka Irowaninu, critically wounded a third man, Larry Bowato, and injured as many as thirty others. Chevrons facilitated this brutal attack by transporting the Nigerian soldiers and Mobile Police to the platform in company helicopters. The worst part of all this is that these are but a few small examples of the types of tactics still used by nearly every oil company to insure their profits at any cost. I do not want to give the impression that everyone who works for these companies is a monster. The people who run these corporations are all too human, and they have chosen to put the profits of their companies and their own wealth above even the simplest human considerations. If we are ever to turn back the tide of ecological disasters and human tragedies that have been synonymous with the advance of oil, we must first acknowledge the ruthless and amoral nature of these companies and take a stand against their further consolidation of power. Only then can we hope to take back our world and begin to write our own history. Niech Macierewicz mnie przeprosi. OLT EXPRESS POLAND SP. Definicje 6 4. Dokumenty 11 3. Warunki prawne przyznania koncesji . Formalnoprawne warunki przyznania koncesji 14 5. Materialnoprawne warunki przyznania koncesji . Warunki finansowe przyznania koncesji . OLT Express Regional sp. Uzyskanie oraz zmiana koncesji 25 2. Sytuacja finansowa Jet Air sp. OLT Express Poland sp. Uzyskanie oraz zmiana koncesji 30 2. Ochrona lotnictwa cywilnego . Translate this page Feb 5, OLT. OLT Express Poland ICOA: YAP was a Polish charter airline, formally known as Yes Airways. Grzegorz Mroczek Dyrektor Generalny. Mroczek o wypowiedzi Macierewicza: Translate this page Feb 20, Mroczek o wypowiedzi Macierewicza: Powiadamiaj mnie o nowych komentarzach poprzez e-mail. Posted on 10 marca by albatroszlotuptaka Dodaj komentarz. OLT Lotnicza Polska lotniczapolska. OLT Express Wikipedia https: OLT Express Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia https: RobertzJamajki o Idee fixe?
Kto jest glownym graczem na rynku ropy? (analiza fundamentalna)
Kto jest glownym graczem na rynku ropy? (analiza fundamentalna)
Furthermore, people who reported higher numbers of negative experiences in childhood were much more likely to exhibit multiple health-risk behaviours, which the study suggested were adopted as coping devices.
Furthermore, people who reported higher numbers of negative experiences in childhood were much more likely to exhibit multiple health-risk behaviours, which the study suggested were adopted as coping devices.
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